Privacy And Its Effect On Society Essay - 1627 Words

Privacy can be defined as â€Å"the claim of individuals, groups or institutions to determine when, how and to what extent information about them is communicated to others. It is our right to keep information about ourselves or even things important to us from the public. Privacy allows one to express themselves without the lingering eyes and judgement of the public at large. However, privacy as we know it has degraded much with the evolution of technology in our present-day culture. Its slowly being invaded and lost altogether with many arguing it is for the greater good of everyone. There is much to the discussion of privacy which can be traced back hundreds of years, and directly correlates with the improvement and invention of technology. As it stands today technology has evolved to the point of complete transparency in anyone’s life. The debate over this being a positive or a complete violation of our rights can be quite controversial. This is only made more so with the domestic and global issues that feed fuel to the fire. However, there are steps to protect yourselves and movements that aim to defend and safeguard your privacy in the works already. II. PRIVACY THEN AND NOW Although issues on privacy are thought to be much more recent in years the truth is that the discussion about privacy in the western world started with the introduction of the newspaper printing press and photography. The debate on privacy can be traced back to as far as 1890 in an article written byShow MoreRelatedPrivacy And Its Effect On Society1030 Words   |  5 PagesEveryone is entitled to a certain level of privacy in regards to their personal information. However, there is the constant increase and enhancement in technology and the growing value of information for use in decision making. Between these two facts, the definition of privacy becomes unclear and allows people to gather information that one might deem confidential. Privacy has been manipulated in efforts claiming that as long as it is beneficial in the long run to a wholesome amount of people thenRead MoreAn Invasion Of Privacy And Its Effects On Society1804 Words   |  8 PagesI. Introduction of the problem or topic: a. An invasion of privacy is when something inaccessible to the public is intruded upon or exposed without one’s permission. Privacy is the ability for one to select and control information revealed about themselves. b. Introduce the problem or topic i. The government constantly collects personal data from citizens without their permission. ii. The information collected should be limited and only obtained after notifying the person that is being examinedRead MoreWhy Privacy Matters So If You Have Nothing?935 Words   |  4 PagesIn support of privacy, Daniel J. Solove wrote, Why Privacy Matters Even If You Have ‘Nothing to Hide.’ Solove begins his argument by introducing the nothing-to-hide argument. In general, the argument for surveillance is ‘if you’ve got nothing to hide, you’ve got nothing to fear:’ hence people’s support for government efforts and regulations to ‘protect’ citizens by decreasing privacy. Those who object this argument target its most extreme cases. For example, if you have nothing to hide, could I takeRead MorePrivacy, Surveillance, And Law Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pagesexpected to trust the government, companies, and each other. Although scholars have provided several accounts of the importance of privacy, it still remains unclear how individuals view and value it. For the purposes of this essay, privacy is broadly defined as the controlled access to personal information or ideas. In this paper, I will examine Richard Posner’s article â€Å"Privacy, Surveillance, and Law† and Neil Richards’s paper â€Å"The Dangers of Surveillance.† Although both Posner and Richards begin withRead MoreThe Positive And Negative Effects Of Privacy And Social Media1518 Words   |  7 PagesThe Oxford dictionary defines Privacy as the state or condition of being free from being observed or disturbed by other people (2017). It should not come as a surprise that websites designed to share pictures, ideas, and what is for dinner, leave individuals feeling that their privacy has been invaded. It is also not surprising that some people are oblivious to the effects of what they post online. It is safe to say the loss of privacy can be self-imposed for societies need to collaborate and socializedRead MoreAnalys is Of George Orwell s 1984848 Words   |  4 Pages Critical Analysis In the George Orwell’s novel 1984, much of the society is watched and have no privacy of any kind. Every person in the Party is under surveillance. In effect, these people cannot live freely and independently, but it seems to be an impossible task because of of the Party surveillance, and how they limit thinking and manipulate reality. We can similarly see these concerns and their effects in today s society and the ways the novel also acts as a warning for the future. In 1984Read MoreThe Invasion Of Privacy And Concern For Safety1624 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: The invasion of privacy and concern for safety has been an increasing worry among people who live in the United States and across the world. The main issue is how does the government’s actions change how people view their own security and even national security. Broader theories of this research question would be how the government’s interaction with technology and security influence how people think about their own personal privacy and safety as well as our national security. SomeRead MorePrivacy Rights : Moral And Legal Foundations1312 Words   |  6 Pagesmorals play in shaping privacy rights and/or expectations? It is understood that there are a number of definitions of privacy. Intellectuals have published works with varying content throughout the years. In 1890, Warren and Brandeis’ article gathered that privacy is the â€Å"right to be let alone† (Samuel Warren). Additionally, William Parent suggested that â€Å"privacy is the condition of not having undocumented personal knowledge about one possessed by others† (Moore, Privacy Rights: Moral and LegalRead MoreThe Right Of Privacy Assignment1224 Words   |  5 PagesRight of Privacy Assignment Brian Taylor – GEICO BUS 220 Dictionary.com provides a definition of individual privacy which reads; â€Å"Freedom from damaging publicity, public scrutiny, secret surveillance, or unauthorized disclosure of one s personal data or information, as by a government, corporation, or individual†. On a basic level, the right of individual privacy simply means that one has the right to be left alone. This is a right many in our society claim to hold as inalienable, yet in ourRead MorePrivacy Rights : Moral And Legal Foundations1584 Words   |  7 Pagesnumber of definitions of privacy. Intellectuals have published works with varying content throughout the years. In 1890, Warren and Brandeis’ article gathered that privacy is the â€Å"right to be let alone† (Samuel Warren). Additionally, William Parent suggested that â€Å"privacy is the condition of not having undocumented personal knowledge about one possessed by others† (Moore, Privacy Rights: Moral and Legal Foundations). On the oth er hand, Julie Inness illustrated that privacy is â€Å"the state of possessing

Sleep Deprivation Persuasive Speech - 1577 Words

Persuasive Speech for Students’ Chronic Sleep Deprivation Introduction: A. Attention Getting Opening: Over the past ten to twenty years, academic demands placed upon college students have increased significantly, this has lead to an increase in workload and amount of time needed to study for a specific course. Today, college students represent the most sleep-deprived division of the population in the U.S. (Sleep and Memory). According to Gayla Martindale, 63% percent of the students who attend college do not get enough sleep, which in turns causes 15% percent of these students to fall asleep during class. Sleep deprivation has become a serious problem in the life of students that leads to physiological and psychological impairments,†¦show more content†¦Cardiovascular, central nervous system, renal dysfunctions, gastrointestinal, and chronic headaches are all associated with consuming caffeine regularly, yet college students still do it. According to Malinauskas’ study, 67% percent of college aged consumers dictated that insufficient slee p was their reason for consuming the highly caffeinated drink. The kick of energy provided by the drinks aids students in concentration and increases their alertness, which allows a brief improvement of mental functioning (Malinauskas). 3. Subpoint 3: This may appear to be an effective way of boosting one’s energy, the negative health issues associated with caffeine cannot be ignored. Sleep deprived students consumption of energy drinks are simply hurting their bodies more and more. Transition: The combination of sleep deprivation and the side effects of energy drinks can ultimately lead to a strong impact on a college student’s grades. A. Main Point A: Among college students sleep deprivation is a serious problem. This is not only because their health is at risk but also because their academic performance is at risk. 1. Subpoint 1: Inadequate amounts of sleep negatively affects the three distinct learning processes: acquisition, consolidation, and recall. Acquisition is the process in which the brain receives information and stores it as memory. This is affected because the students inability to gather information and focus. Recall is theShow MoreRelatedA persuasive speech about Sleep Deprivation Importance of Good Nights Rest.809 Words   |  4 Pagessociety, sleep has come second to our daily routine, disregarding its importance for productivity. Many people are bogged down with errands, career issues and studying that sleep becomes overlooked. However, most of what we accomplish can be streamlined into more efficient productivity by one minor adjustment; a full-nights rest. According to the Journal of Nature Neuroscience, researchers have studied human memory by taking a PET scan of a group of people during REM-sleep, the type of sleep that occursRead MoreSpeech Against Procrastination1290 Words   |  6 Pageswhether it may be delaying to take the dog out or finishing a major school project like writing a persuasive speech that includes antithesis, ethos, pathos, logos, similes, metaphors, anecdotes, and other things that I havenæŠ ° mentioned that are hopefully in this speech. I know I did not procrastinate on this speech about procrastination because that would be just wrong. But what about you guys, the sleep deprived high school students? Do you usually put off things until the last minute? This issue isRead MoreAutism Is A Pervasive Developmental Disorder1796 Words   |  8 Pagesduring early childhood. Autism Spectrum Disorder is more prevalent in boys than in girls. These children can present symptoms of limited or no speech development; the y only use direct communication for immediate needs such as water, bathroom or sleep. Until today, there is no cure for ASD, but there are many types of treatment and interventions, such as Speech Therapy, Occupational Therapy and Behavior Therapy. Researchers today have conducted new studies to revise how ASD can be diagnosed and treatedRead More Chapter Summaries of George Orwells Animal Farm Essays3865 Words   |  16 Pagesto protest and rebel against him. One night, Old Major, the prize Middle White Boar, wishes to share a strange dream with all the animals. Since the two-year old boar is greatly respected by all, the animals are willing to forego an hours sleep to listen to Old Majors tale. Before the animals assemble, the stout, majestic Old Major makes himself comfortable on his bed of straw. As the animals enter the barn, each is described. First to come are the three dogs, Bluebell, Jessie, andRead More023 Understand Child and Young Person development6353 Words   |  26 Pagesto learn to read and write. 7-12 years Reading and writing becomes easier now; at the beginning of this period children enjoy telling jokes to others; apart from chatting, children are beginning to be able to form a simple argument and be persuasive, they are becoming increasingly able to negotiate with others. Their writing shows more grammatical awareness as well as own imagination. 12-16 years Reading and writing skills are becoming very good and children are becoming increasinglyRead MorePsy 244 Essay10464 Words   |  42 PagesPhillip Aries â€Å"small children at play† 3. One of the most famous speeches in Shakespeare’s play, As You Like It, is called The Seven Ages of Man. What do you think Shakespeare was trying to say about psychological development? (Links to videos of the speech can be found in the video version of the syllabus.) ïÆ'  these included three stages of childhood and four of adulthood. C. Renaissance 4. Debates about the relative roles of â€Å"nature† and â€Å"nurture† in human development date from ancient timesRead More Essay on Traditions in Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl3753 Words   |  16 Pagescriticizing slavery and its sponsors. Often narrators refer to slaveholders specifically hoping to validate accounts with verifiable evidence. In the way of theme, scholar Joanne M. Braxton writes:   The prevalent themes of the genre include the deprivation of food, clothing, and shelter, the desire for instruction (frequently for religious instruction, which is thwarted), physical brutality, the corruption of families (usually white), the separation of families (usually black), the exploitation ofRead MoreAnswer: Paragraph and Thesis-and-support Outline Thesis9738 Words   |  39 Pagesabused by their children. 3. Russell employs the addition signals first, next, finally, at last. 4. Other metaphors that Russell employs include: †¢ his passions have blown him about like â€Å"great winds† (figures of speech using like or as are known as similes) †¢ â€Å"one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss† †¢ â€Å"Love and knowledge†¦led upward toward the heavens† AnswersRead MoreAnswer: Paragraph and Thesis-and-support Outline Thesis9749 Words   |  39 Pagespeople abused by their children. 3. Russell employs the addition signals first, next, finally, at last. 4. Other metaphors that Russell employs include: †¢ his passions have blown him about like â€Å"great winds† (figures of speech using like or as are known as similes) †¢ â€Å"one shivering consciousness looks over the rim of the world into the cold unfathomable lifeless abyss† †¢ â€Å"Love and knowledge†¦led upward toward the heavens† AnswersRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagesa book that can help transform dry and rather remote concepts into practical reality, and lead to lively class discussions, and even debates. In the gentle environment of the classroom, students can hone their analytical skills and also their persuasive skills—not selling products but selling their ideas—and defend them against critical scrutiny. This is great practice for the arena of business to come. NEW TO THIS EDITION In contrast to the early editions, which examined only notable mistakes

Bethel School District Vs. Fraser Essay Example For Students

Bethel School District Vs. Fraser Essay Bethel School District vs. FraserThis case involved a public high school student, Matthew Fraser who gave a speech nominating another student for a student elective office. The speech was given at an assembly during school as a part of a school-sponsored educational program in self-government. While giving the speech, Fraser referred to his candidate in what the school board called elaborate, graphic, and explicit metaphor. After his speech, the assistant principal told Fraser that the school considered the speech a violation of the schools disruptive-conduct rule. This prohibited conduct that interfered with the educational process, including obscene, profane language or gestures. After Fraser admitted he intentionally had used sexual innuendo in the speech, he was told that he would be suspended from school for three days, and his name would be removed from the list of the speakers at the graduation exercises. Frasers father brought action against the school board in the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington. He alleged the suspension and punishment were a violation of his sons First Amendment right to freedom of speech. The father sought injunctive and monetary damages under 42 U.S.C. of 1983. The district court awarded the student $278 in damages, $12,750 in litigation costs and attorneys fees, and ordered the school district not to prevent the student from speaking at the commencement ceremonies. The school district appealed the decision, arguing that the speech had a disruptive effect on the educational process. The school district said it had an interest in protecting an audience of minors from indecent speech in the school. The school board believed it had the right to control language that was used during a school-sponsored activity. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the judgment of the district court. The district court found the disruptive-conduct rule unconstitutionally vague and broad, and that withdrawal of the students name from the graduation speakers list violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment because the rule did not mention such removal as a likely sanction. The court made the case that nothing in the Constitution forbids the states from insisting that certain forms of expression are unfitting and subject to sanctions. (Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 1969) The court affirmed that students do not shed their constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate.(Tinker) If the student had given the same speech off the school premises, he would not have been penalized because government officials found his language inappropriate. (Cohen v. California) The court found that the language used by the student was far from the obscene speech, which the court held is not protected by the First Amendment. ( Ginsberg v. New York, 1968, Roth v. United States, 1981). The speech was found not to be disruptive to the education process. The school district failed to bring in a sufficient amount of evidence to convince that the educational process was disturbed. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit affirmed the judgment of the district court, holding the students speech equivalent to the armband in Tinker. The court of appeals made it clear that the students speech was not prohibited by any disciplinary rule that the school had in effect. Although the speech contained a sexual metaphor that undoubtedly might have been offensive to some listeners in some settings, the court of appeals again stated there was no evidence that students found the speech to be offensive. The case was appealed to the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court stated that the rights of students in public school do not coexist with the rights of adults in other settings. The Supreme Court found Frasers speech offensive to both teachers and students, and especially insulting to teenage girls. The First Amendment does not prevent school officials from deciding what is vulgar and lewd speech. Given the schools need to be able to impose disciplinary sanctions for a wide range of unanticipated conduct disruptive of the educational process, the school disciplinary rules need not be as detailed as a criminal code that imposes criminal sanctions. (Arnett v. Kennedy, 1974) The student was given enough warning that his speech could subject

Labour Problems in UK Economics

Changing Nature of Employee Relations in the UK Evident from previous research and casual empiricism, there has been increased tension and work strain across many work places, a problem often attributed to pay discipline and flexibility. It has often been perceived that increasing work strain is directly linked to changing working hours and the expected minimum wage.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labour Problems in UK Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The obvious fact is that work force occupies important part of both economical and psychological needs of the labour contract and its intensification triggers welfare effects on employees. It’s been argued that changing work intensity is likely to have substantive negative figures on productivity change. Work force relations in the UK continue to receive intense criticism for the obvious fact that managers are unable to effectively control their em ployee’s performances in relation to pay, discipline and flexibility. In this paper, I intent to explain the intellectual, moral and policy arguments in relations to labour problems, job regulations and trade unions in attempt to capture the triangular relationships of the three. Labour relations involve both work and employment relations and involves management and employees in coordination with policies of a country, for this instance the UK, dynamics of capital markets and relationship between paid work and work load. In my analysis, I will look are various research ranging from the past, present and the future of labour problems. Labour Problems Many organisations in the UK consider downsizing and restructuring of their work force to be â€Å"a quick fix† to their company’s inefficiencies. This strategy temporary improves the organisation’s output hence demoralizing the surviving employees. Recent studies conducted by Green (2000, p.5) indicate that w ork intensification has increased competitive pressure which is often offloaded to workers. One would assume that work intensification in UK is accompanied by rising real wage which is not the issue here. Job insecurity and work intensification has also been extended to include reward system and the unexpected benefits. With Effort intensification, workers are subjected to longer working hours with large volumes of work in the anticipation of income expansion which is never the case. Here, structural changes including facility employment to measure workers performance, motivation and discipline are inaccurately measured hence unsatisfied employees (Kersley et al 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Redirecting our focus from work and effort intensification to technical change, there is a strong indication suggesting that technical change is often effort-biased. For example , technique measured by employers on employees’ performances is dominant in most work places which are attributed to decline of union influence. Companies have refused to acknowledge the relationship between company human resource policies and work effort thereby increasing job insecurity. While human resource policies and work force skills have initiated the impact of organisational and technical change, widely seen as efficiency improvement, there is evidence that suggest that the techniques applied are effort-biased. The Standard competitive model of effort determination requires firms to turn up the wages of high effort workers contrary to the UK employment practice (Green 2000, p.7; Burchell Wilkinson 2002, p.10). Today’s technology has provided new techniques that efficiently evaluate both new products and more efficient production process. The new production methods include; Just-In-Time (JIT) and Total Quality Management (TQM). These two techniques have been a pplauded for stimulating the expansion of new information technologies and improving production process. Though their effect is to extract greater work effort, no remuneration package has been negotiated alongside the package to award hard working employees. The techniques have improved the supervision of material flows and allocation of work schedules and enhanced management capacity. In this case, managers have been able to efficiently allocate work hence the rise of call centres in the 20th century. While in the comfort of their office, managers can easily monitor and measure employees output accurately with the advent of new technology. Evidently, increased work flow via technical co-ordination has greatly enhanced external effects, but needless to say, labour saving technologies have failed to liberate those high effort workers (Green 2000, p.9). Guided by the framework of employees needs and the management, basic pay remains the main component of compensations used alongside f ringe benefits, cash incentives as well as some intrinsic and extrinsic reward packages. In this regard, I position my interest in labour problems in work places in relation to pay and performance. Pay represents the most important and critical element in the employment relationship between employers and employees for a number of reasons; 1) it represents a significant part of employers costs and its used to measure performances and competitiveness which determines employees ability to recruit and retain quality labour forces 2).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Labour Problems in UK Economics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Pay and performances measures value of services and performances. A great majority of employees become enthusiastic when they start a new job, but their morale sharply decline after their first few months in the company that continues to deteriorate for years afterwards. These findings are b ased on a survey conducted by Gielen et al (2006) in 2001 through 2004 on 52 primary fortunate companies that stipulated that poor policies and procedures provided by managers in managing their work forces greatly increase tension between managers and the managed. Pay and performance are important in work places as they stimulate labour productivity by collecting information about worker’s abilities and efforts that can be used to induce them to apply maximum efforts in executing their duties. Controlling performance is also important as it helps managers screen workers performance and recruit the most able workers. When incentives are in place, employees will be more focused on activities that are more rewarding and ignore those that are not. At-least according to research conducted by Gielen and his colleagues (2006), use of performance-related pay in Netherlands increased by 39% in 2001 from 30% in 1995. Gielen and his colleagues (2006) analysis affirms that pay performanc e increases labour productivity due to the incentive effect in place, balances and provides sustainable economic development. Change of labour market structures In contrast to the emphasis that inefficiencies of labour process is the main source of effort intensification, the change of market structures does not accurately represent the intensification of product market competition, the disassociations of labour unions and the existence of power shifts in work places. Studies conducted by Green (2000, p.15) dispute that work effort has pressured firms to reduce costs and increases work forces resulting to increased pressure on employees and reduced unions legal powers. We understand that unions play a crucial part in ensuring employees welfares in work places are taken into considerations, and their disassociations would have negative impact on the labour force. In the lean mean production, firms are forced to streamline their production and downsize their work force, a strategy tha t reduces payroll costs. While it may seem to work for some Europe countries, it has proven to be ineffective in countries such as the United States as many complain that is does not effectively account for how the increasing wages alongside work intensification relate. Employee oppressions are often associated with greater effort and lower wages (Blyton Turnbull 2004).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Managers Perspective Managers need to control pay performances so as to achieve equity, efficiency and macro-economic stability. On equity pay determination, managers try to increase wages of lowest pay workers so as protect real wages. While on efficiency aspect, managers try to link wages to productivity, individual performance, and employees’ application of skills to a variety of tasks. And lastly, Gielen et al (2006) argues that high minimum wages could have negative impacts on employment levels that could adversely affect macro-economic stability by increasing inflation levels. Employment contracts The capacity of employers to monitor employees’ conformity against employment contracts has constituted additional consequences in the new productions techniques and management methods. This is to mean that computerisation of workflows, like that experienced in call centres enables managers to effectively allocate work tasks and monitor their executions while measuring employees work rates. The two techniques, TQM and JIT, have enabled managers to easily trace the deficiencies in work quality on individual work stations with the aim of raising efficiency by removing poor practices and eliminating low effort workers. Another model known as the efficiency wage model, credited to reduce supervision, companies implicit ways to improve employees welfares on emphasis on wages and effort intensification should be taken into account. It has also been argued that efficiency wage models increases job loss due to machine replacements in turn reducing wage replacement ratios and market uncertainty. Britain for example has experienced decline in replacement ratios for the last two decades since its implementations (Green 2000, p.18). Previous research conducted by Barham Begum (2005, p. 6) in 2003 estimates that costs associated with employee absence in the U.K totalled to  £11.6 billion excluding indirect costs. The huge numbers of sickness absence overbur dens the management with the cost of managing absences and trainings hence negatively affecting the organisation’s output. Recent research show that employees in the UK were more likely to take sickness leave in the week of financial intermediation followed by other industries such as the health and social work whiles the workforce in the hotel and restaurants experienced low sickness absence leaves. The research also indicated that public sector industries experience lower sickness absence rates compared to the private sector due to the well structure policies put in place. The lower numbers in sickness absence rates in the private sectors may also be attributed to lower provision of sick pay compared to public sectors. Statistics also indicated that employees working lower hours a week are more likely to take sickness absence compared to employees who put in less time (Barham Begum2005, p.10). Pollert and Charlwood (2009, p.343) argue that more generic factors in work plac es are those that are stress induced attributed from abuse and exploitation by employers. Of particular interest, the research continues that low skilled paid and low skilled workers representing the majority of migrant workers were subjected to a number of abuses including dismissal of pregnant women and disabled employees, non-payment of wages, bullying linked to discrimination, maternity denial rights, late or non-payment of wages and non-compliance of national minimum wage and non payment of statutory sick pay among others (Salin 2003, p. 1215: Hoel Beale 2006, p.240) In response to a survey conducted by Green Donna (2004) to measure employee skills levels alongside their performances, it was concluded that different perceptions of the skills used in work places were attributed from qualification held by employees, their problem solving skills and planning skills. Its evident that skills are reasonably a good match between perception of job managers and those of employees and the biasness in the work place exist in a situation where employees may be deemed to posses higher skills compared to their line managers. This theory is consistence with the hypothesis that stipulates that skills are socially constructed, and therefore managers are often the male workers and the females are perceived to be employees and there is often a tendency for the boss to underestimate the skill levels of people working under him. Due to this shortcoming of the labour employment theories, skills have been over the years proven to be a barrier to progress in work places. Such shortcoming may first be attributed from inability to accurately measure employee job skills and pay determinations across different genders. Labour markets should therefore provide accurate measurement of skills in the determination of job description and the associated reward packages. Job skills measurement requires both complexity and sensitivity but even with the understanding of both employee and em ployer perceptions in different settings, experts have not yet discovered better modules in evaluating jobs. Job knowledge often improves with longer acquaintance, and employees in this case have better knowledge of jobs than their line managers hence perception bias (Green Donna 2004, p.65; Noon Hoque 2001). The relationship between the managers and the managed is more problematic. Labour problems are linked to management and policies and practices of managers. The focus on executive management tends to overlook management objectives and often concentrate on activities at managerial level or even in their line of supervision, overlooking the societal and institutional environment. This particular module failed to put into consideration the goals of employment relationships and its dynamics for managing tensions in work places. Today’s employment relationships are often characterised by cooperative motto of ‘win-win’ solution. Conflicts such as strives and abse nteeism have significantly increased in today’s workforce compared to a decade ago. The typical stereotyping of male employees being the bread winners has long been outdated and the distinction between white and blue collar jobs has become distinct (Barham Begum 2005, p.10; Noon Hoque 2001). In this regard, Gielen and his colleagues (2006) analysis highlight the benefits of pay and performance to include; They help an organisation achieve is business objective Enhances employees compensation through improved performance Attract and retain competitive staff Rewards good performance without necessarily increasing labour costs Reduce redundancies in times of economic downturn through flexible compensation packages Orientates organisation performance towards quality and productivity Managers flexible reward packages are able to absorb downturns and reduce labour costs. Pay performances has not been without controversies. First, it has been claimed that cash compensations as m otivation packages have a limited time-span. In this regard, workers have not completed welcomed the strategy due to; Managers’ ability to measure performances and compensation criteria are not adequately understood, accepted or even communicated to employees. Some organisation have inappropriate appraisal systems that contract with objectives of the reward system. Managers fail to provide regular feedback on employee performances Wrong quantum of pay that determines performance criteria Managers inability to provide both intristic and extrinsic rewards criteria Lack of regular evaluation of pay performance scheme Unrealistic goals set by managers (Gielen et al 2006). Trade unions Unions have particularly known to have the utility function that seeks out to improve the welfare of employees. It is assumed that unions in the United Kingdom have more bargaining power and it is for this reason that we assume their association in labour relations would improve the wage bargainin g power. Contrary to that belief, unions bargaining power in the UK have been shocked into weaker stance since the 1980s. Unions wage differentiation has fallen steadily and workers rights have not been attended to effectively. It is for this reason we believe that unions should take a more active role in workers welfare by raising their performance and effort and provide more active voice for workers (Green 2000, p.17). Collective bargaining has stimulated the recognition of fundamental social rights embodies in labour legislation. Change of focus of industrial relations from collective bargaining to labour rights has attempted to address the inequalities and discrimination including those affecting the minority group such as women, reasonably in Britain, with its increased cases of Employment Tribunal cases (Edwards 2003, p.4). System of employee representations has radically fallen over the years due the failing membership of trade unions. Today, there exist only two product of e mployee representation known as the ‘Unite and Unison’, representing over 40 percent of UK membership and also extended its linkages to international borders. Tentative research reported by Green (2000) concluded that unions have transformed their policy orientations and even recruited some employers to represent the gap between their own structures and employee participation. The UK has also incorporated European law such the collective channels independent of the employer, European Works Council and statutory mechanism into its trade union policies to improve the employees’ welfare. But needless to say, employees with work force problems have been turning to private organisations such as the Citizens’ Advice Bureaux and local community group for dispute settlements. One may be deceived to think the transformation of policies and practices of employers may improve labour union policies which is not the case here. The UK labour union international linkages of product markets, product organization and supply chains have proven it difficult to identify owner of capital and companies as employers of labour. And also, since shareholding represent dominant part of ownership; companies have turned it into complicated equity ownership relations making it totally impossible to know what employees or companies own (Green 2000, p.5; Rose 2008). Organisations in the UK are employing maximum efforts in ensuring the achievements of diversity in their workforce are achieved by conceptualization of equity in its legislation. With the British legislation in place, one may assume workers will be treated the same, which is not the case here, race and sex discrimination have continued to be embodied in the symmetrical social problems to the extend that few minority of the social group like the women and BM workers are discriminated against compared to white and male workers. Although the legislation has positively impacted the disadvantaged groups, the effects of past discrimination have been ignored. Another shortcoming of the British legislation is that its application is limited to only few instances. For Example, hardworking employees are only compensated for through extra training and improvement of their current position while concept of equality has not been applied sparingly in different groups such as the male, white and heterosexual norms. The new legislations should recognize and value work group differences (Dickens 2007, p.465). Conclusion Changing economic and social context of employee relations has accelerated labour problems in workforces resulting to poverty, inequality and social exclusions. The UK government continues to seek ways to bridge this gap by reconstructing a concept of citizenship and social inclusion through the implementation of new policies that will attract more people in employment relationship, increase employment rates and prolong working lives. Effective government policies will increase emp loyment opportunities, productivity and competitiveness of work force. Clarke et al (2002, p.6) adds that growth of individualism and consumerism have weaken the collective bargaining at work weakening the appeal of trade unions (Clarke et al 2002; Noon Blyton 2007). List of References Barham, C., Begum, N., 2005, ‘Sickness absence from Work force in the UK’,  labour Market Trends, 149,1-10 Burchell, B., Lapido, D. Wilkinson, F. (eds.) 2002, Job Insecurity and Work  Intensification. Routledge, London. Blyton, P. and Turnbull, P.J. (3rd ed.) 2004, The Dynamics of Employee Relations, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Clarke, L., Donnelly, E., Hyman, R., Kelly, J., McKay, S., 2002, ‘What’s the Point of Industrial Relations?’ British Universities Industrial Relations Association., 5, 1-11 Dickens, L. 2007, ‘Thirty years of equality legislation in Britain’, British Journal of  Industrial Relations, 45(3), 463 – 494 Edwards, P. (2nd ed.) 2003, Industrial Relations Theory and Practice, Blackwell, Oxford. Gielen, A., Kerkhofs, J., Jan, O., 2006, ‘Performance Related Pay and Labor Productivity’, Institute of Labor studies, 5455, 1-17 Green, F. 2000, ‘Why has work effort become more intense?’ Industrial Relations  Journal, 43(4), 1-48. Green, F., Donna, J. 2004, ‘Assessing skills and autonomy: the job holder versus the line Manager’, Human Resource Management Journal, 13, no.1, 63-77 Hoel, H. and Beale, D. 2006, ‘Workplace Bullying, psychological perspectives and industrial relations: towards a contextualised and interdisciplinary approach’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, 44 (2), 239 – 262 Kersley, B., Alpin, C., Forth, J., Bryson, A., Bewley, H., Dix, G. and Oxenbridge, S. 2005,’ Inside the Workplace, First Findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS 2004). Noon, M. and Blyton, P. 2007, The Realties of Work: Experiencing Work and  Employment in Contemporary Society, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Noon and Hoque 2001, ‘Ethnic minorities and equal treatment: the impact of gender, equal opportunities policies and trade unions’, National Institute Economic  Review, 176,105 – 116 Rose, E. (3rd Ed.) 2008, Employment Relations, Financial Times Prentice Hall, Harlow. Pollert, A. and Charlwood, A., 2009, ‘The vulnerable worker in Britain and problems at work’. Work, Employment and Society, 23(2), 343 – 362 Salin, D., 2003. ‘Ways of explaining workplace bullying: a review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment’. Human Relations, 56(10), 1213 – 1232. This essay on Labour Problems in UK Economics was written and submitted by user Trinity Osborne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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